Antiarrhythmics and double-sequential external defibrillation for management of incessant ventricular fibrillation in a left ventricular assist device

About 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have heart failure, with a prevalence that is unfortunately projected to increase to affect more than 8 million people older than 18 years of age by 2030.1 Therapies available for patients with advanced heart failure have seen tremendous advances in the last three decades. Since the initial US Food and Drug Administration approval of a durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) in 1994,2 the number of devices implanted for mechanical circulatory support in the United States, both as bridge-to-transplant and as destination therapy, continues to rise.