Climate Justice through the Capability Approach: Addressing Gender Inequality and Human Development in the Era of Climate Change

This paper explores the intersection of climate change, gender inequality, and human development through the lens of Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach, offering a comprehensive analysis of how these interconnected challenges exacerbate existing systemic inequalities. Climate change, as a multidimensional crisis, disproportionately impacts women, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, due to their limited access to resources, essential social services, and decision-making opportunities. The study highlights how systemic patriarchal structures contribute to women’s increased vulnerability to environmental degradation, manifesting in challenges such as energy poverty, food insecurity, unpaid care work, and restricted agency. Using Sen’s Capability Approach, the paper argues for a shift in focus from mere resource allocation to enhancing individuals’ and community freedoms and opportunities, emphasising the need to develop capabilities that empower women and marginalised groups. This approach offers a deeper understanding of structural inequalities, illustrating how conversion factors - personal, social, and environmental - shape individuals’ abilities to achieve well-being and resilience in the face of climate challenges.Copyright© 2025 The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.