Advances in Mitral Valve Therapy for Patients with Severe Heart Failure: Comparative Analysis of Medical, Procedural, and Surgical Interventions

Mitral valve (MV) therapy in patients with severe heart failure (HF) has evolved to include a wide range of therapeutic options, from pharmacologic interventions to sophisticated surgical techniques. This review systematically analyzes medical, procedural, and surgical interventions—specifically on-pump and off-pump surgery—providing a comprehensive comparison of their efficacy, outcomes, and practical applications. Emphasis is placed on the indications, mechanisms, and limitations of each modality, highlighting their roles in addressing severe mitral valve insufficiency in a heart failure context.