Comparative Economic Analysis and Environmental Benefits of Agroforestry Systems: A Case Study from Saharanpur, India with Global Perspectives

Background: Agroforestry, which integrates timber with agricultural crops or livestock, is a globally recognized sustainable land management strategy. Hence, this research examines agroforestry in Saharanpur, India, alongside insights from Brazil and Indonesia, to assess their socio-economic and environmental benefits. The objective is to demonstrate how various agroforestry models can enhance farm productivity, income generation and environmental sustainability across diverse agricultural landscapes. Methods: A qualitative approach was adopted to evaluate the socio-economic and environmental benefits of agroforestry. This research focuses on agroforestry practices in Saharanpur, India and compares them with practices in Brazil and Indonesia. Data collection includes case studies, existing literature and research reports. Primary data were collected through survey-based questionnaires, and field observations with farmers, agricultural experts, and stakeholders. Result: The analysis discovered full-size profitability of agroforestry models in Saharanpur, particularly the ones based totally on poplar, with high Benefit-Cost Ratios (BCRs). In Brazil, integration of coffee and cocoa with native timber presented massive economic benefits, whilst in Indonesia, mixtures of wooden species with commodities and end result generated varied earnings sources. Environmental advantages consisting of soil restoration, biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration have been determined across all areas.