How will the urban environment improve Multi-Domain Operations?

The Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) concept aims to prepare, plan, coordinate, and carry out synchronised activities across all domains and environments on a large scale and swiftly. This is done in collaboration with other instruments of power, stakeholders, and actors, following the principles of Unity, Interconnectivity, Creativity, and Agility. This study emphasises the potential of applying the principles of MDO in urban environments (UE) to further enhance MDO’s effectiveness. More precisely, it presents two further principles, namely Understanding and Interaction, which enhance the overall MDO, and highlight the absence of a crucial aspect of the “digital backbone”, specifically in relation to interaction.