Congenital Immature Orbital Teratoma with Sarcomatous Transformation Presenting as Exophthalmos: A case report

Background Congenital immature orbital teratomas are rare neoplasms, with intraorbital cases presenting unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Case presentation This report presents a patient that exhibited rapid-growing right exophthalmos since birth. Imaging studies revealed a progressively expanding lesion in the right orbital cavity and optic nerve. Following partial resection and subsequent orbital exenteration, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the diagnosis of immature teratoma with sarcomatous transformation. The patient underwent chemotherapy and remains under surveillance with no signs of disease recurrence. Conclusion This case highlights the complexities associated with diagnosis and treatment of rare orbital teratomas, contributing valuably to the existing literature.