Click chemistry-based modified exosomes: Towards enhancing precision in cancer theranostics

• Click chemistry boosts exosome targeting and stability for safer drug delivery. • Engineered exosomes mirror original cell profiles, aiding early cancer detection. • Exosomes overcome brain barriers, enabling targeted therapeutic delivery. • Click chemistry allows precise drug attachment, enhancing treatment efficacy. • Exosomes are key in precision medicine, revolutionizing cancer and genetic therapy. Exosome-based therapies are at the forefront of precision medicine, offering targeted drug delivery and personalized treatments specifically for cancer. Addressing challenges such as exosome heterogeneity and pH stability is crucial for optimizing therapeutic efficacy. Techniques such as exosome barcoding and profiling enable precise tracking and analysis, essential for the development of targeted cancer therapies. Click chemistry plays a critical role by enhancing the specificity and stability of therapeutic agents attached to exosomes. This modification is pivotal for cancer treatment as it enables exosomes to carry drugs, RNAi molecules, and CRISPR-Cas9 systems, thereby minimizing side effects and reducing toxicity. Furthermore, click chemistry-modified exosomes facilitate non-invasive detection and real-time monitoring of tumor dynamics and therefore allow precision cancer therapy. Despite existing challenges, these advancements in exosome research promise safer, highly precise, and personalized oncological therapies that significantly enhance patient outcomes and quality of life.