Profiling of miRNAs Contained in Circulating Extracellular Vesicles and Associated with Sepsis Development in Burn Patients: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Sepsis is the leading cause of mortality in patients with burn injuries and it may represent, in these patients, a real diagnostic challenge. Here we studied the profile of miRNAs contained in extracellular vesicles (EVs) (EV-miRNAs) isolated from plasma from burn patients complicated by sepsis at admission and 7 days later. We enrolled 28 burn patients, 18 with (Burn Septic Patients-BSPs) and 10 without (Burn non-Septic Patients-BnSPs) sepsis. Ten healthy subjects (HSs) were used as additional controls. After EV isolation by charge precipitation and miRNA extraction, we proceeded with a two-phase approach. Through a first screening phase, we identified 178 miRNAs differentially expressed in BSPs compared to HSs. Among these, by a validation phase based on qRT-PCR, we found that miR-483-5p, miR-193a-5p, and miR-188-3p were increased in the BSPs compared to the BnSPs and HSs. Upon ROC analysis, all three miRNAs showed a good accuracy in differentiating BSPs from BnSPs, especially miR-483-5p (AUC = 0.955, <i>p</i>-value = 0.001). Moreover, we found 173 miRNAs differentially expressed in BSPs after 7 days from enrollment compared to T0, among whose miR-1-3p, miR-34a-3p, and miR-193a-5p decreased in BSPs after 7 days, in parallel with a decrease in SOFA scores. Finally, the other two miRNAs, miR-34a-3p and miR-193a-5p, positively correlated with the SOFA score. In conclusion, we identified several miRNAs-namely miR-483-5p, miR-193a-5p, and miR-188-3p-with potential clinical utility as diagnostic biomarkers in a heterogeneous population of burn patients at high risk of developing sepsis. Moreover, we found some miRNAs (miR-1-3p, miR-34a-3p, and miR-193a-5p) that vary according to the course of sepsis and others (miR-34a-3p and miR-193a-5p) that are associated with its clinical severity.