The origin and spread of early natron glass in China: new evidence from Early Iron Age (1000-202 BC) eye beads unearthed in Xinjiang

This study analyzes 25 natron glass samples from four Early Iron Age sites in Xinjiang using LA-ICP-AES, LA-ICP-MS, and SR-μCT techniques. The analysis results indicate that these natron glass beads probably originate from the Levant, and their similar decoration and chemical compositions suggest a common provenance. This study further discusses that early natron glass entered China through routes via Xinjiang and Gansu and that natron glass beads from Chu tombs in Hubei might have diverse origins. Additionally, the research highlights differences in the manufacturing techniques and distribution of natron glass in Xinjiang between the Western Han and earlier periods, illustrating changes in East-West cultural exchanges before and after the opening of the Silk Road.