The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Gene Regulation and Cellular Signaling Pathways

Evidence has been mounting over the last decade demonstrating the crucial functions of ncRNAs, including miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), in cellular signalling networks and gene regulation. These ncRNAs are highly expressed and play a crucial role in regulating processes including metastasis and endothelial cell invasiveness. They facilitate crosstalk between interconnected signaling pathways, including PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR, by acting as linking molecules within signal circuits. In addition to gene expression and conventional apical measures, studying miRNAs provides a better understanding of both beneficial and detrimental cellular reactions to external exposures. Additionally, miRNAs—which may be found in extracellular and intracellular environments, such as biofluids—have become potential early and precise molecular indicators of tissue and cellular conditions. This review highlights the regulatory functions of ncRNAs, their involvement in cellular homeostasis, and their potential as biomarkers, shedding light on their significance in gene regulation, toxicological studies, and precision medicine.