Wind load interference mechanisms for inclined angle and gap spacing of photovoltaic panels

This study aims to explore wind load interference effects on tandem photovoltaic (PV) panels, focusing on inclined angles (α) and gaps (X/L). Conventional models often struggle to capture nonlinear airflow dynamics that drive these interference effects. To address this limitation, the research introduces a novel approach to analyze the complex spatiotemporal evolution of interference phenomena in PV panels. A quantitative analysis was conducted using the high-order Koopman Mode Decomposition (HOKMD) method. This method integrates high-order nonlinear components, enabling precise identification of dynamic modes and coherent structures. This study evaluates the synchronous vorticity and pressure fields, fluid forces, and power spectra of PV panels under varying α and X/L. The results demonstrate that for α>25° and X/L<2.0, interference effects are highly pronounced, while for X/L>2.0, significant shielding effects are observed on the downstream panel. It revealed two dominant dynamic modes, providing new insights into airflow patterns and vortex interactions that traditional linear models fail to capture. The application of HOKMD accurately captures the nonlinear characteristics of the flow around PV panels. The findings advance the understanding of airflow interactions in PV panels and provide valuable insights for optimizing PV design to improve structural stability and durability.