Advancements in photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide synthesis: Overcoming challenges for a sustainable future

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is a crucial, eco-friendly oxidizing agent with a wide range of industrial, environmental, and biomedical applications. Traditional production methods, such as the anthraquinone process, face significant challenges in terms of energy consumption and environmental impact. As a sustainable alternative, photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production, driven by solar energy, has emerged as a promising approach. This review discusses the key advancements in photocatalytic H 2 O 2 synthesis, focusing on overcoming challenges such as charge recombination, selectivity for the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e − ORR), and catalyst stability. Recent innovations in photocatalyst design, including high-entropy materials, single-atom catalysts, and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have significantly enhanced efficiency and stability. Furthermore, novel strategies for optimizing charge separation, light harvesting, and mass transfer are explored. The integration of artificial intelligence and bioinspired systems holds potential for accelerating progress in this field. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current challenges and cutting-edge solutions, offering valuable insights for the development of scalable, decentralized H 2 O 2 production systems that contribute to a more sustainable future. This minireview explores advancements in photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide synthesis, addressing key challenges, recent innovations in catalyst design, and future directions for sustainable, scalable production and industrial applications.