Impact of combined sun and hybrid drying technologies on cocoa drying process and quality

The drying process is essential in cocoa (<i>Theobroma</i> <i>cacao</i> L.) production, significantly influencing product quality and energy consumption. This study compares four drying methods: sun drying (SD), solar-electric hybrid drying (HD), SD followed by HD (SD + HD), and HD followed by SD (HD + SD). The physicochemical properties (shrinkage, fermentation index, pH, total acidity, color), bioactive compounds (total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity), and drying efficiency (drying rate, effective moisture diffusivity, energy consumption) were assessed. Results show that HD and HD + SD effectively preserve cocoa's physicochemical and antioxidant properties. Starting with HD increases the drying rate by 20 %, resulting in higher moisture diffusivity coefficients (over 4.12 × 10^-7 m²/s). Combining HD with SD reduces energy consumption by 56.6 %, improving energy efficiency. SD increased cocoa bean shrinkage by up to 9 %, and HD maintained phenolic content. The HD + SD method is, therefore, a promising, energy-efficient alternative for small-scale cocoa producers, contributing to industry innovation and sustainability.