Design and evaluation of a compact unified hexagonal dual-band wearable patch antenna

<h2>Abstract</h2> The paper presents the design and performance assessment of a dual-band wearable compact hexagonal-shaped patch antenna personalized for wearable devices and applications. The construction of this antenna uses a rigid FR4-Epoxy substrate and flexible jeans substrate. Both substrates are measured with free space wavelength (λ₀) dimensions of 0.33λ₀ x 0.12λ₀ for 2.45 GHz. This antenna structure features two hexagonal shapes, separated by a gap and connected, forming a cohesive unit. The cohesive hexagonal structure and a partial ground plane are incorporated to achieve dual-band functionality. The flexible antenna is resonating at 2.45 GHz and 5.64 GHz. This compact and low-profile structure enhances the bandwidth to 14.7 % for the primary band and 13.8 % for the other band. The gain measurements are 4.45 dBi at 2.45 GHz and 7.15 dBi at 5.64 GHz. The non-flexible antenna resonates at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz and the bandwidth to 13.3 % for the primary band and 7.4 % for the other band. The gain measurements are 4.45 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 6.95 dBi at 5 GHz. Specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis confirms that the antenna meets FCC and ICNIRP standards. This antenna is optimized for efficient operation and it is ideal for wireless communications, ISM band, WBAN applications, high data rate devices, and other wearable devices.