A survey of sensor testing methods for hydrogen leakage detection and purity analysis

Hydrogen fuel, as a clean and sustainable energy source, plays a pivotal role in the transition to a low-carbon economy. Ensuring the performance of hydrogen leakage detectors and the purity of hydrogen fuel is essential for its effective use in various applications, such as fuel cells, energy storage, transportation, and downstream applications. Different kinds of low-cost sensors such as thermal conductivity sensors, electrochemical sensors, and metal oxide sensors can be used for this purpose. Testing and performance evaluation of these sensors is key to ensuring the safety and efficiency of their intended use. This survey focuses on a comprehensive examination and review of different sensor testing methodologies commonly employed for testing sensors in hydrogen purity analysis and leakage detection with a focus on existing standards for hydrogen sensor testing. Sensor performance parameters such as sensitivity, selectivity, interference, accuracy, precision, response time, and cost-effectiveness in quantifying impurities within hydrogen or to detect the presence of hydrogen are examined in detail. Moreover, typical sensor testing procedures and apparatus with calibration methods including reference standards and uncertainty estimation are also studied. This paper can facilitate the development of standardized testing procedures and the selection of suitable sensor systems. Overall, it contributes to advancing the hydrogen energy sector and promoting its integration into the broader clean energy landscape, supporting the development of sustainable hydrogen-based technologies.