Preparation methods for Sb2Se3 solar films: comparison and evaluation

Antimony (III) selenide (Sb2Se3) is a promising candidate for the future compound solar cells because of their excellent photovoltaic characteristics and abundant raw materials. In this paper, the preparation technology of Sb2Se3 solar thin films is comprehensively evaluated, and the physical and chemical methods are compared and analyzed, including thermal evaporation, vapor transport deposition, electron beam gun deposition, spin coating, chemical bath deposition and hydrothermal synthesis. The efficiency, cost and scalability of each method are discussed in detail, and the main obstacles such as grain size limitation and high deep defect concentration, are revealed. In view of these challenges, the strategies of optimizing crystal vertical arrangement, developing nanorod array device structure and innovating deposition technology are put forward. In addition, the potential of hydrothermal synthesis for preparing high-performance nanostructured Sb2Se3 is emphasized, despite the problems of long reaction time and high demand for precise control. Sb2Se3-based solar cells offer a practical and sustainable path toward meeting global energy demands. Continued innovation in materials and manufacturing will ensure their future role in renewable energy solutions