The Pathogenesis and Therapy Progress of Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a devastating cancer well known for its aggressive nature, limited treatment options, and poor prognosis. It spreads out the world through two of its subtypes, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), creating high global incidence and mortality. In recent years, studies and research have been done to explore the molecular mechanisms and multiple treatments. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of EC, going through the risk factors and high-incidence areas of ESCC and EAC respectively; it discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying EC development, highlighting several key signaling pathways, as well as the critical role of some ribosomal protein drivers and biomarkers played in the prediction and development of EC. The paper also aims to determine the central causes of death in EC, metastasis, and its mechanism. Lastly, this review examines and demonstrates the modern therapeutic approaches of EC, especially the combination of immunotherapy with other therapies. By synthesizing recent research and therapeutic developments, this study contributes to the ongoing campaign of EC, laying the foundation for more effective clinical interventions and improved patient outcomes in the future.