Biomechanics of the Ankle

The distal tibiofibular joint (DTFJ), talocrural joint (TCJ), and subtalar joint (STJ) make up the ankle joint complex (AJC). This review examines the biomechanics of the AJC, focusing on joint anatomy, ligament stabilization, and the role of external muscles in foot and ankle movements. The AJC is essential for transferring weight, facilitating movement, and maintaining stability. The TCJ facilitates dorsiflexion (DF) and plantar flexion (PF), while the STJ primarily supports inversion (IV) and eversion (EV). The oblique axis of rotation gives rise to multi-planar motions, such as supination and pronation in ankle movements. Range of motion (ROM) varies across planes and is influenced by age, gender, and sport-specific demands. Variations in ROM also have implications for injury risk and athletic performance. By discussing ankle joint complex, this review provides a clear understanding of ankle biomechanics, thus enabling more effective training and rehabilitation protocols, and injury prevention strategies for athletes and general population.