Low Cost Detection of H₂O₂ in Blood for Oxidative Stress Monitoring Using Anodized CuO Nanostructures

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is a prominent biomarker that is related to oxidative stress in humans and has been utilized in the early diagnosis of diseases like Alzheimer’s, diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and cellular damage. In this research, an inexpensive CuO electrode was developed by electrochemical anodization techniques specifically for H 2 O 2 detection. The phase and nanostructured morphology of the electrode were verified using field-emission scanning electron microscopy imaging and X-ray diffraction analysis, while its sensing performance was measured using the amperometric method. The sensitivity of the CuO electrode was significantly enhanced up to 3.1 mA mM −1 cm −2 with a detection limit of 10 μM in 0.1 s. The flat band potential, ranging from 0.246 to 0.259 V, was seen through Mott-Schottky measurements. Charge transfer resistance in the Nyquist plots ranges from 7.32 to 9.09 Ω, showing good electron transfer of the material. Moreover, stability was found at 87.2% after one month and significant reproducibility across the electrodes. These results emphasize the promise of the CuO electrode as a robust, high-performance, and scalable sensor for the detection of H 2 O 2 for oxidative stress monitoring.