Copper-enhanced 3D porous FCCA catalysts: Efficient activation of PMS for rapid degradation and stabilization of organic pollutants in complex waters over a wide pH range for application

Through meticulous manipulation of synthetic conditions, a novel three-dimensional porous FCCA composite catalyst with superior catalytic activity and stability has been successfully fabricated, enabling the efficient degradation of atrazine (ATZ). Comprehensive characterization techniques have substantiated that the FCCA activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) can supply an abundance of active sites and maintain robust catalytic performance across a broad pH range of 3–11, as well as in the presence of various ions. Investigations into the degradation mechanism have illuminated the significant contributions of copper incorporation into the catalyst: a) augmenting the number of active sites on the catalyst surface; b) engaging in the Cu(I)/Cu(II) redox cycle and synergizing with Fe(III) and Co(II); c) effectively increasing the concentration of surface hydroxyl groups, thereby enhancing electron transfer capabilities and efficiency. The increased activation efficiency of PMS leads to a surge in reactive oxygen species, culminating in a marked enhancement of ATZ degradation efficiency and a significant boost in the system's anti-interference capacity. Moreover, the FCCA/PMS system not only demonstrates high efficiency and rapidity in degrading ATZ but also exhibits robust adaptability in continuous flow reactions, maintaining high pollutant removal efficacy over extended periods of continuous operation. The system also maintains an ideal condition concerning metal leaching, showcasing promising performance for the treatment of actual wastewater. • 3D porous FCCA significantly enhances the activation of PMS. • FCCA/PMS system demonstrates excellent wide pH range applicability. • Three mechanisms of Cu action in the system were revealed in depth. • Stable and environmentally safe in practical water treatment.