Bias Estimation for Low-Cost IMU Including X- and Y-Axis Accelerometers in INS/GPS/Gyrocompass

Inertial navigation systems (INSs) provide autonomous position estimation capabilities independent of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). However, the high cost of traditional sensors, such as fiber-optic gyroscopes (FOGs), limits their widespread adoption. In contrast, micro-electromechanical system (MEMS)-based inertial measurement units (IMUs) offer a low-cost alternative; however, their lower accuracy and sensor bias issues, particularly in maritime environments, remain considerable obstacles. This study proposes an improved method for bias estimation by comparing the estimated values from a trajectory generator (TG)-based acceleration and angular-velocity estimation system with actual measurements. Additionally, for <i>X</i>- and <i>Y</i>-axis accelerations, we introduce a method that leverages the correlation between altitude differences derived from an INS/GNSS/gyrocompass (IGG) and those obtained during the TG estimation process to estimate the bias. Simulation datasets from experimental voyages validate the proposed method by evaluating the mean, median, normalized cross-correlation, least squares, and fast Fourier transform (FFT). The Butterworth filter achieved the smallest angular-velocity bias estimation error. For <i>X</i>- and <i>Y</i>-axis acceleration bias, altitude-based estimation achieved differences of 1.2 × 10^-2 m/s² and 1.0 × 10^-4 m/s², respectively, by comparing the input bias using 30 min data. These methods enhance the positioning and attitude estimation accuracy of low-cost IMUs, providing a cost-effective maritime navigation solution.