Transnational evolution of psychiatry and neurology: a European perspective from the enlightenment to the early 20th century

This paper investigates the historical evolution of psychiatry and its interrelationship with neurology from the Enlightenment to the early 20th century. It examines the transnational development of these disciplines primarily across Europe, with particular emphasis on key regions such as France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Spain and Portugal, while also including some related remarks about Brazil. The objective is to elucidate how advancements in scientific knowledge, medical practices, and societal perceptions of mental illness have influenced the trajectories of psychiatry and neurology. This analysis is grounded in a diverse array of historical sources, including scholarly literature. It critically examines prominent figures, institutional dynamics, and shifts in societal norms to uncover the intricate interplay of cultural, political, and intellectual forces that have shaped the evolution of these fields. The study reveals a complex tapestry of influences - such as the humanization of treatment, significant scientific breakthroughs, and interdisciplinary collaboration - that have contributed to the development of psychiatry and neurology. Our research underscores the necessity of contextualizing the historical framework within which these disciplines emerged and evolved, thereby offering insights into contemporary practices and policies in mental health care and neurological understanding. Through this historical analysis, we illuminate the nuanced narrative of psychiatry and neurology, highlighting their transnational development and the various factors propelling their evolution. By comprehending the historical foundations of these disciplines, we can glean valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities confronting contemporary mental health care and neurological research, thereby informing future directions in the field.