Solving Challenges in Microalgae-Based Living Materials

Engineered living materials (ELMs) integrate aspects of material science and biology into a unique platform, leading to materials and devices with features of life. Among those, ELMs containing microalgae have received increased attention due to the many benefits photosynthetic organisms provide. Due to their relatively recent occurrence, photosynthetic ELMs still face many challenges related to reliability, lifetime, scalability, and more, often based on the complicated crosstalk of cellular, material-based, and environmental variables in time. This Viewpoint aims to summarize potential avenues for improving ELMs, beginning with an emphasis on understanding the cell's perspective and the potential stresses imposed on them due to recurring flaws in many current ELMs. Potential solutions and their ease of implementation will be discussed, ranging from choice of organism, adjustments to the ELM design, to various genetic modification tools, so as to achieve ELMs with longer lifetime and improved functionality.