National-Identitarian Politics: A Comparative Analysis of Putin, Trump, Orbán, and Bolsonaro's Reactionary Agendas

The paper politically characterizes the contemporary Far-right as a reactionary tendency, namely national-identitarian, by comparing the government policies of four ultra-conservative leaders: Putin (Russia), Trump (USA), Orbán (Hungary) and Bolsonaro (Brazil), who were selected for their governmental roles as leaders of this ideological bloc on four different continents. The comparative analysis relates government rhetoric and government measures in order to delineate their political strategy of gradually authoritarian reconversion of democracies to make them insensible to individuals and groups that differ from their conservative normative ideal, respectively characterized as: neo-Eurasian, (Russian), neo-nativist (American), neo-crusader (Hungarian) and violent social eugenism (Brazilian), by the author. From this perspective, the democratic response, as an alternative to the authoritarian involutions implemented, would consist of public policies that combine traditional and intentional differences (individual and social), including eventual evolutionary reforms of parliamentary representation to make it more permeable to them, in order to better harmonize the daily coexistence of different ways of life.