Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing a Universal Social Health Protection Model: a Comparative Analysis of Low, Middle, and High-Income Countries

Abstract This article explores the dynamics of a social model associated with redistribution policies. We compare this model with Universal Health Coverage (UHC), specifically examining their influence on social health protection systems and the demand for health services across various countries. This influence is reflected in healthcare expenditures. To achieve this, we conducted a literature review. We employed descriptive statistics to analyze the relationships between key indicators, including the UHC Service Coverage Index and the proportion of direct (out-of-pocket) expenditure in healthcare. These indicators help assess the impact of social health protection systems on both the demand for health services and access to necessary care. The findings indicate that UHC coverage is lower in low- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries. Additionally, we observe an increase in direct healthcare expenditures in low-income nations, while such expenditures are declining in high-income countries.