The effect of national identity and collective victimhood on south Koreans’ perception of trilateral cooperation

Introduction . Mutual intimacy among the citizens of the three countries – South Korea, Japan, and China – continues to be low. To facilitate trilateral cooperation, it is important to understand public perception towards cooperation. Purpose. examines how psychological factors of national identification and collective victimhood affect Koreans’ perception and attitudes toward China and Japan. Materials and methods. A survey on 320 participants of Korean nationality was conducted using an online questionnaire to measure national identification, collective victimhood, perceived social norms, and preferences for international policies. Results. Descriptive statistics show that while most Koreans perceived anti-Chinese and anti-Japanese sentiments as a social norm, participants held more positive attitudes towards them on a personal level. In addition, participants with lower degrees of national identification and collective victimhood, showed more positive attitudes towards Chinese and Japanese and higher preference for diplomatic policies over military policies. Discussion. The findings underscore the complexity of intergroup relations in the trilateral context. Despite widespread perceptions of hostility towards Chinese and Japanese, individual attitudes show that many Koreans are open to forming friendships across these national boundaries. This discrepancy suggests a disconnection between perceived social norms and personal beliefs, highlighting the potential for improved interpersonal relations through targeted initiatives. Promoting positive individual interactions may encourage broader acceptance and diminish the emotional appeals of nationalism that lead to parochial attitudes and conformity to social norms that support hostility. As evidenced by Germany's post-conflict reconciliation, structured social and cultural exchanges, supported by legal frameworks, can create a conducive environment for peace and collaboration. While the Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat has made strides in improving diplomatic relations, sustained efforts at both individual and societal levels are essential. Increased interaction and exchanges among the citizens of South Korea, Japan, and China can reduce prejudice and promote cooperation, ultimately fostering a more harmonious trilateral relationship