Genetic diversity analysis of some <i>Vaccinium</i> species in the Black Sea region of Türkiye using iPBS markers

Background: The genus Vaccinium is economically significant for its highly nutritious berries. Türkiye hosts wild genetic resources of Vaccinium , primarily distributed along the Black Sea region. These species are valuable for crop improvement, local food security, and require urgent conservation efforts. Objectives: This study analyzed the genetic diversity, population structure, and gene flow among wild Vaccinium species in Türkiye using iPBS retrotransposon markers. Methods: A total of 22 individuals from three wild Vaccinium species ( V. arctostaphylos , V. myrtillus , V. uliginosum ) and two domesticated cultivars were analyzed using 10 iPBS markers. Genetic diversity was assessed based on polymorphic bands, Shannon's index, and gene flow. Cluster analysis (UPGMA), principal component analysis (PCoA), and STRUCTURE analysis were performed to evaluate population structure. Results: Out of 312 bands, 177 (56%) were polymorphic, with the highest bands (32) produced by iPBS2391. Low genetic diversity (Shannon's index = 0.14–0.2) and moderate gene flow (0.3) were observed. AMOVA revealed 49% of variance within individuals and 51% among species. Distinct clusters were identified, though some individuals showed high admixture and heterozygosity, forming separate clusters. Conclusion: These findings provide insights into the genetic diversity and population structure of Turkish wild Vaccinium species, offering valuable information for conservation strategies and berry cultivation efforts worldwide.