Energy-Efficient Roofing Solutions for Harsh Climatic Conditions

High population growth and urban development demand sustainable mosque designs, with thermal performance being crucial for economic and environmental sustainability. Climate, location, and materials significantly impact performance. Due to varying usage patterns, mosques require precise heating and cooling control for comfort and efficiency. Integrating sustainable energy technologies reduces energy consumption, enhances comfort, and mitigates global warming. This paper simulates different roof applications-roof shading, green roofs, and insulation-across climates and time scenarios. While insulation minimized cooling loads, it didn't fully ensure comfort, highlighting the need for further exploration of mosque-specific passive techniques.