Role of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor on Implantation in Women with Recurrent Implantation Failure in ICSI Cycles

Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) poses a significant challenge in assisted reproductive technology (ART), defined as the failure to achieve pregnancy following multiple embryo transfers. This review examines the role of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in improving implantation outcomes in women with RIF undergoing ICSI cycles. G-CSF, a cytokine involved in neutrophil regulation, has shown potential in enhancing endometrial receptivity, modulating immune responses, and promoting embryo implantation. Preclinical studies suggest G-CSF influences endometrial thickness, trophoblast invasion, and angiogenesis, while clinical trials report mixed results on its efficacy in improving pregnancy rates. This review explores the physiological mechanisms of G-CSF in reproduction, its therapeutic applications in RIF, and the need for further high-quality evidence to confirm its benefits. Additionally, the review addresses other contributing factors to RIF, including immune dysregulation, genetic abnormalities, anatomical issues, and endocrine imbalances, offering a comprehensive overview of current understanding and treatment strategies for RIF.