Magnetic Ionic Liquid: A Multifunctional Platform for the Design of Hybrid Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Networks as Electromagnetic Wave-Absorbing Materials

Magnetic ionic liquid (MIL) based on alkyl phosphonium cation was used as a curing agent for developing epoxy nanocomposites (ENCs) modified with a graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)/carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid filler. The materials were prepared by a solvent-free procedure involving ball-milling technology. ENCs containing as low as 3 phr of filler (GNP/CNT = 2.5:0.5 phr) exhibited electrical conductivity with approximately six orders of magnitude greater than the system loaded with GNP = 2.5 phr. Moreover, the use of MIL (10 phr) resulted in ENCs with higher conductivity compared with the same system cured using conventional aliphatic amine. The filler dispersion within the epoxy matrix was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE), evaluated in the X- and Ku-band frequency range, revealed a great contribution of the absorption mechanism for the ENC containing the hybrid filler and cured with MIL. Moreover, the best microwave-absorbing response was achieved with the ENC containing GNP/CNT = 2.5/0.5 phr, and cured with ML, which a minimum RL of -23.61 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 5.18 GHz were observed for thickness of 1.5 mm. In summary, this system is a promising material for both civilian and military applications due to its simple and scalable nanocomposite preparation method, the lightweight nature of the composites resulting from the low filler content, the commercial availability and cost-effectiveness of GNP, and its high electromagnetic wave attenuation across a broad frequency range.