Evaluating Magnetization Losses in 3-D CORC Tapes With Integral and Finite-Element Methods

The complex electromagnetic behavior of conductor on round core (CORC), compounded by the high aspect ratio of superconducting tapes and the microscale thickness of REBCO layers, necessitates robust 3-D numerical tools. This article compares 3-D finite-element methods (FEMs) and integral equation methods (IEMs) for analyzing magnetization losses in superconducting tapes of CORC cables. Specifically, state-of-the-art FEM formulations, including the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H-\varphi _{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T-A$</tex-math></inline-formula> methods, are benchmarked against a surface-based IEM approach. The numerical implementation strategies, computational efficiency, and performance of these methods are examined, emphasizing their strengths and limitations in addressing critical phenomena such as ac losses.