Common femtoscopic hadron-emission source in pp collisions at the LHC

Abstract The femtoscopic study of pairs of identical pions is particularly suited to investigate the effective source function of particle emission, due to the resulting Bose–Einstein correlation signal. In small collision systems at the LHC, pp in particular, the majority of the pions are produced in resonance decays, which significantly affect the profile and size of the source. In this work, we explicitly model this effect in order to extract the primordial source in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}~=~13$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mn>13</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> TeV from charged $$\uppi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:math> – $$\uppi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:math> correlations measured by ALICE. We demonstrate that the assumption of a Gaussian primordial source is compatible with the data and that the effective source, resulting from modifications due to resonances, is approximately exponential, as found in previous measurements at the LHC. The universality of hadron emission in pp collisions is further investigated by applying the same methodology to characterize the primordial source of $$\textrm{K}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mtext>K</mml:mtext> </mml:math> – $$\textrm{p}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mtext>p</mml:mtext> </mml:math> pairs. The size of the primordial source is evaluated as a function of the transverse mass ( $$m_{\textrm{T}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ) of the pairs, leading to the observation of a common scaling for both $$\uppi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:math> – $$\uppi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:math> and $$\textrm{K}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mtext>K</mml:mtext> </mml:math> – $$\textrm{p}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mtext>p</mml:mtext> </mml:math> , suggesting a collective effect. Further, the present results are compatible with the $$m_{\textrm{T}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> scaling of the $$\textrm{p}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mtext>p</mml:mtext> </mml:math> – $$\textrm{p}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mtext>p</mml:mtext> </mml:math> and p $$-\Lambda $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Λ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> primordial source measured by ALICE in high multiplicity pp collisions, providing additional evidence for the presence of a common emission source for all hadrons in small collision systems at the LHC. This will allow the determination of the source function for any hadron–hadron pairs with high precision, granting access to the properties of the possible final-state interaction among pairs of less abundantly produced hadrons, such as strange or charmed particles.

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Journal
The European Physical Journal C
Published
2025-02-19
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-13793-y
Citations
10
Primary Topic
High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
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article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
18.70

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article

Common femtoscopic hadron-emission source in pp collisions at the LHC

F. Ronchetti, L. Lautner, I. Chakaberia, K. Barth et al.
10 citations
The European Physical Journal C
High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
18.70
article

Common femtoscopic hadron-emission source in pp collisions at the LHC

F. Ronchetti, L. Lautner, I. Chakaberia, K. Barth, Adrian Horzyk, N. Rubini, S. Y. Noh, M. Germain, E. López Torres, C. Lippmann, B. Jacak, P. Gasik, M. Guilbaud, Md Samsul Islam, A. Yuncu, K. Schweda, F. Manso, J. G. Contreras, M. Mazzilli, N. Agrawal, C. Kim, M. N. Anaam, M. Gagliardi, Felix Willi Hoffmann, I.-K. Yoo, I. G. Bearden, B. Paul, Manuel Viqueira Rodriguez, G. Luparello, A. Dubla, W. Guo, D. Bauri, T. Virgili, R. Turrisi, D. Hatzifotiadou, R. Rath, Artem Kotliarov, Y. Kwon, K. Røed, G. De Cataldo, D. Ruggiano, I. Selyuzhenkov, S. Thakur, Martin Andreas Volkl, V. Kučera, S. R. Klein, I. Fokin, Tonatiuh García Chàvez, A. Shangaraev, A. Grelli, T. Bodova, M. V. Hartung, D. Røhr, Z. Rescakova, A. Augustinus, C. Andrei, Y. W. Baek, A. Margotti, S. Arcelli, A. Bhasin, A. Kurepin, M. Sitta, C. Markert, I. Altsybeev, T. Tkacik, T. Siemiarczuk, A. Andronic, Giulia Gioachin, M. Agnello, G. L. Usaı́, A. Nyanin, R. Divià, B. Ulukutlu, Bushra Ali, J. Castillo Castellanos, M. 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Abstract

Abstract The femtoscopic study of pairs of identical pions is particularly suited to investigate the effective source function of particle emission, due to the resulting Bose–Einstein correlation signal. In small collision systems at the LHC, pp in particular, the majority of the pions are produced in resonance decays, which significantly affect the profile and size of the source. In this work, we explicitly model this effect in order to extract the primordial source in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}~=~13$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mn>13</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> TeV from charged $$\uppi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:math> – $$\uppi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:math> correlations measured by ALICE. We demonstrate that the assumption of a Gaussian primordial source is compatible with the data and that the effective source, resulting from modifications due to resonances, is approximately exponential, as found in previous measurements at the LHC. The universality of hadron emission in pp collisions is further investigated by applying the same methodology to characterize the primordial source of $$\textrm{K}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mtext>K</mml:mtext> </mml:math> – $$\textrm{p}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mtext>p</mml:mtext> </mml:math> pairs. The size of the primordial source is evaluated as a function of the transverse mass ( $$m_{\textrm{T}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ) of the pairs, leading to the observation of a common scaling for both $$\uppi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:math> – $$\uppi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:math> and $$\textrm{K}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mtext>K</mml:mtext> </mml:math> – $$\textrm{p}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mtext>p</mml:mtext> </mml:math> , suggesting a collective effect. Further, the present results are compatible with the $$m_{\textrm{T}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> scaling of the $$\textrm{p}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mtext>p</mml:mtext> </mml:math> – $$\textrm{p}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mtext>p</mml:mtext> </mml:math> and p $$-\Lambda $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Λ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> primordial source measured by ALICE in high multiplicity pp collisions, providing additional evidence for the presence of a common emission source for all hadrons in small collision systems at the LHC. This will allow the determination of the source function for any hadron–hadron pairs with high precision, granting access to the properties of the possible final-state interaction among pairs of less abundantly produced hadrons, such as strange or charmed particles.

The European Physical Journal CVol. 85(2)
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (FR), University of Foggia (IT), Warsaw University of Technology (PL), National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (IT), University of Messina (IT), Hiroshima University (JP), Goethe University Frankfurt (DE), Creighton University (US), Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” (IT), University of Copenhagen (DK), University of Science and Technology of China (CN), Jagiellonian University (PL), Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (IN), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (US), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR), A. Alikhanyan National Laboratory (AM), Gangneung–Wonju National University (KR), University of Bonn (DE), Gauhati University (IN), University of Trieste (IT), University of Jammu (IN), University of Tsukuba (JP), University of Kansas (US), University of Liverpool (GB), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US), National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (UA), California Polytechnic State University (US), Bose Institute (IN), University of Cape Town (ZA), Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (IN), COMSATS University Islamabad (PK), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IN), National Institute of Science Education and Research (IN), Chungbuk National University (KR), GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (DE), Aligarh Muslim University (IN), Saga University (JP), Politecnico di Torino (IT), Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (NO), University of Zagreb (HR), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) (BR), Technical University of Košice (SK), University of Oslo (NO), Wayne State University (US), Lund University (SE), Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (JP), Inha University (KR), University of the Witwatersrand (ZA), Utrecht University (NL), Yonsei University (KR), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (MX), Université Clermont Auvergne (FR), Homi Bhabha National Institute (IN), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR), University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik (SK), Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK), University of Derby (GB), Heidelberg University (DE), University of Münster (DE), Fudan University (CN), University of Pavia (IT), Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR), Université Paris-Saclay (FR), Helsinki Institute of Physics (FI), University of South-Eastern Norway (NO), Daresbury Laboratory (GB), University of California System (US), Sejong University (KR), United Nations University Institute for Sustainability and Peace (JP), China University of Geosciences (CN), Yale University (US), Institute of Physics, Bhubaneshwar (IN), Central China Normal University (CN), Yıldız Technical University (TR), Max Planck Institute for Physics (DE), Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering (RO), National Institute for Subatomic Physics (NL), AGRIDEA (CH), China Institute of Atomic Energy (CN), Technologie- und Förderzentrum im Kompetenzzentrum für Nachwachsende Rohstoffe (DE), National Centre for Nuclear Research (PL), Institut de Physique (FR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT), Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont Auvergne (FR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (IT), Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (PL), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et des Technologies Associées (FR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (IT), FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (CZ), Institute of Theoretical Physics (CN), HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics (HU), IMT Atlantique (FR), CEA Paris-Saclay (FR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Cagliari (IT), National Nuclear Research Center (AZ), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (FR), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (FR), South Great Plain Regional Innovation Agency (HU), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (FR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (IT), Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (BR), Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary (RO), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (IT), Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute (CZ), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste (IT), Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics (AT), KTO Karatay University (TR), Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics (UA), National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (ID), Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (FR), Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CU), National Research and Innovation Agency (ID), University of Bergen (NO), University of Houston (US), Czech Technical University in Prague (CZ), Pusan National University (KR), Panjab University (IN), The Ohio State University (US), Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" (BG), Universitatea Națională de Știință și Tehnologie Politehnica București (RO), Technical University of Munich (DE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IN), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PE), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CH), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (MX), AGH University of Krakow (PL), Polytechnic University of Bari (IT), Universidade Federal do ABC (BR), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (MX), Chicago State University (US), Comenius University Bratislava (SK), The University of Tokyo (JP), University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US), University of Birmingham (GB), University of Brescia (IT), Jeonbuk National University (KR), University of Tübingen (DE), Suranaree University of Technology (TH), Sungkyunkwan University (KR), The University of Texas at Austin (US), National Research Foundation (ZA), Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KR), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX), Université Grenoble Alpes (FR), University of Split (HR), University of Jyväskylä (FI), University of California, Berkeley (US), Nantes Université (FR), Nara Women's University (JP), Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, Villum Fonden, CERN, Strong, Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, European Commission, National Research Foundation, Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India, University Grants Commission, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Danmarks Grundforskningsfond, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Austrian Science Fund, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ministerstvo školstva, vedy, výskumu a športu Slovenskej republiky, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, National Research Foundation of Korea, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Suranaree University of Technology, Vetenskapsrådet, Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Norges Forskningsråd, State Committee of Science, Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Nuclear Physics, FP7 International Cooperation
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High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
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