Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Pediatric Emergency Medicine: Risk Factors, Myths, and Evidence-Based Management of Complications

Abstract Purpose Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common condition among type 1 diabetics, commonly affecting those below the age of 20. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases like PubMed to identify primary studies conducted in children with DKA. Finally, 79 studies were included for qualitative synthesis. Results The disease is characterized by acute-onset metabolic and pathological derangements, necessitating immediate intervention. With the rising incidence, concerns have been emerging regarding the disparities in the presentation and treatment of DKA among different countries with inequitable resources. Within its management lies the common misconceptions, both among patients and primary physicians, prohibiting an optimistic approach to the disease. Pediatric children in particular need specialized treatment and care during an episode of DKA due to its long-term cognitive and neurological sequelae. Hence, efforts have been undertaken to ensure minimization of neurological damage when treating DKA. While guidelines are in place for treatment of DKA, there are considerable differences in their protocols across different regions. Conclusion It is imperative to analyze recent evidence and continually update treatment guidelines for DKA. Additionally, maximal efforts need to be taken to bridge the gap between different nations, allowing accessibility to equitable resources to all.