Polyetheretherketone biomaterials and their current progress, modification-based biomedical applications and future challenges

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a high-performance polymer biomaterial, has demonstrated significant potential for biomedical applications due to its excellent resistance to high temperature, friction, and corrosion. However, the scope of its biomedical applications is limited by its inherent biological inertness. To address this limitation and further enhance both the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of PEEK, various technical approaches-such as surface modification and the development of composite materials-have been extensively explored. These advancements aim to broaden the future applications of PEEK as a biomaterial. PEEK is expected to play a pivotal role in diverse fields, including cardiovascular disease treatment, ophthalmic implants, biosensing devices, and 3D printing. Besides, its use in orthopedic and dental clinics is expected to expand significantly. Despite these promising developments, there is currently a lack of comprehensive review articles that summarize the potential future biomedical applications of modified PEEK implants. To address this gap, we conducted this review to systematically examine the latest research findings on modified PEEK implants in the medical field over the past decade and their future prospects in biomedical applications.