Zoonotic risks: Salmonella and Campylobacter in reptiles

Reptiles are increasingly popular as exotic pets worldwide due to their unique characteristics, species diversity and relatively low maintenance requirements compared to other pets. However, their role as reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens, particularly Salmonella and Campylobacter, presents significant public health challenges. Transmission occurs through direct contact with reptiles, contaminated surfaces or improper hygiene practices, with vulnerable populations being particularly at risk. The prevalence of Salmonella in reptiles varies widely, ranging from 30 to 75.8% in captive populations to 8–14% in wild populations, although research on Campylobacter remains limited. The exotic pet trade, including international imports of reptiles, has further amplified concerns over zoonotic disease transmission and the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains. Effective prevention strategies, such as hygiene education, proper habitat management and regulatory measures, are critical to mitigating these risks.