Large‐Scale Screening of CD4⁺ T‐Cell Epitopes From SARS‐CoV‐2 Proteins and the Universal Detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 Specific T Cells for Northeast Asian Population

The polymorphism of human leukocyte antigens in the Northeast Asian populations and the lack of broad-spectrum T-cell epitopes covering this cohort markedly limited the development of T cell-directed vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and also hampered the universal detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells. In this study, 93 CD4⁺ T-cell epitopes restricted by 12 prevalent HLA-DRB1 allotypes, which covering over 80% Chinese and Northeast Asian populations, were identified from the S, E, M, N and RdRp proteins of SARS-CoV-2 by in silico prediction, DC-peptide-PBL coculture experiment, and immunization in HLA-A2/DR1 transgenic mice. Furthermore, by using validated 215 CD8⁺ T cell epitope peptides and 123 CD4⁺ T-cell epitope peptides covering Northeast Asian cohort, the universal ELISpot detection systems of SARS-CoV-2 specific CD8⁺ T cells and CD4⁺ T cells were established, for the first time, and followed by the tests for 50 unexposed and 100 convalescent samples. The median of spot-forming units for CD8⁺ T cells and CD4⁺ T cells were 68 and 15, respectively, in the unexposed donors, but were 137 and 52 in the convalescent donors 6 months after recovery while 128 and 47 in the convalescent donors 18 months after recovery. This work initially provided the broad-spectrum CD4⁺ T-cell epitope library of SARS-CoV-2 for the design of T cell-directed vaccines and the universal T cell detection tool tailoring to Northeast Asian population, and confirmed the long-term memory T cell immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection.