<i>Orientia tsutsugamushi</i> alters the intranuclear balance of cullin-1 and c-MYC to inhibit apoptosis

Cullin-1 (Cul1), a cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase component, represses c-MYC activity in the nucleus. <i>Orientia tsutsugamushi</i> causes the potentially fatal rickettsiosis, scrub typhus. The obligate intracellular bacterium encodes an arsenal of ankyrin repeat-containing effectors (Anks), many of which carry a eukaryotic-like F-box motif that binds Cul1. <i>O. tsutsugamushi</i> reduces Cul1 levels in the nucleus. This phenomenon is not due to an alteration in Cul1 neddylation but is bacterial burden- and protein synthesis-dependent. Five of the 11 Anks capable of binding Cul1 (Ank1, Ank5, Ank6, Ank9, Ank17) sequester it in the cytoplasm when each is ectopically expressed. Ank1 and Ank6 proteins with alanine substitutions in their F-boxes that render them unable to bind Cul1 cannot exclude Cul1 from the nucleus. Coincident with the reduction of Cul1 in the nuclei of <i>Orientia</i>-infected cells, c-MYC nuclear levels are elevated, and Cul1 target genes are differentially expressed. Several of these genes regulate apoptosis. The resistance of <i>O. tsutsugamushi</i>-infected cells to staurosporine-induced apoptosis is recapitulated in uninfected cells expressing Ank1 or Ank6 but not alanine-substituted versions thereof that cannot bind Cul1. Other F-box-containing Anks that cannot bind or exclude Cul1 from the nucleus also fail to confer resistance to apoptosis. Overall, <i>O. tsutsugamushi</i> modulates the Cul1:c-MYC intranuclear balance as an anti-apoptotic strategy that is functionally linked to a subset of its F-box-containing Anks.