Light as a Key Abiotic Driver in Enhancing Germination and Phytochemicals of Chickpea Cultivars

Light is crucial for plant growth, serving as both an energy source and a signaling agent. Different wavelengths regulate key physiological processes, influencing seed germination and phytochemical biosynthesis. This review examines how visible light enhances seed germination and phytochemical content in chickpea cultivars. Specific wavelengths, particularly blue, red, and UV light, activate metabolic enzymes like phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase, significantly boosting the production of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Light promotes seed germination by triggering photosynthesis, modulating gene expression, and regulating hormone synthesis and enzyme activity. It also influences pigment biosynthesis essential for seedling growth and environmental adaptation. Studies show that LED light treatments can enhance phytochemical concentrations, thereby improving plant nutrition and resilience. UV light increases phenolic and anthocyanin levels, while blue and red light enhance metabolic enzyme activity. These findings highlight the potential of using specific light treatments to optimize biochemical traits in chickpea cultivars, making them more resistant to environmental stress and increasing yields. Understanding light-driven biochemical processes offers innovative strategies for sustainable agriculture, enhancing crop quality, resilience, and nutritional value to promote food security and environmental sustainability.