Advancements in Nanomaterial-Based Brain-Computer Interface Electrodes

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) enable direct communication between the brain and external devices, but their performance heavily depends on the quality of the electrodes. Traditional materials, such as gold and platinum, offer high conductivity but often struggle with biocompatibility and can cause tissue damage due to their mechanical mismatch with neural tissue. While conductive polymers provide greater flexibility, they frequently fall short in electrical performance. Nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, are increasingly considered promising alternatives. These materials combine high conductivity with mechanical flexibility and offer potential improvements in biocompatibility, enhancing the capture and transmission of neural signals. Hybrid materials, which integrate conductive polymers with nanomaterials, have also shown potential by balancing flexibility and signal quality. This review examines recent advancements in nanomaterial-based BCI electrodes and focuses on how these new materials address the limitations of traditional electrodes. It also discusses emerging tools like metallic nanoparticles and nanowires, along with the ongoing challenges of biocompatibility, tissue integration, and ethical considerations. As nanotechnology continues to evolve, it has the potential to significantly enhance the functionality and longevity of BCIs, making them more effective in facilitating neural communication.