Shallot Automated Fertilization and Irrigation Device Using Solar-Powered IoT Based on ESP-NOW and LoRa

The agricultural industry is a fundamental component of the global economy, essential for maintaining food security for the ever-increasing world population. Shallots are an essential ingredient in numerous cuisines worldwide. This research aims to develop a device that employs an automated irrigation and fertilization system for shallot plants, leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) powered by solar panels and encompassing ESP-NOW and LoRa communication protocols. This research investigates the application of IoT technology in the automation of fertilization and irrigation via a monitoring system and relay control. Systematic testing methods focused on energy efficiency yield verification through data collection and transmission, demonstrating consistent accuracy of 99.3% for the air humidity sensor, 99.1% for the air temperature sensor, 97% for the soil moisture sensor, and 95.5% for the soil pH sensor. The device uses ESP-NOW for communication between ESP32s and utilizes LoRa for data transmission via the LoRa Gateway endpoint, Antares. This paper presents a solution for automating agricultural practices, proposing a design for an IoT Smart Farming device that employs solar energy and wireless communication protocols for land monitoring and managing irrigation and fertilizer.