Nanogenerators: Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Systems

Nanogenerators (NGs) are a class of tiny devices, ranging in size from less than a mm to a few cm, which convert ambient thermal/mechanical/chemical energy into electricity. With their growing importance in powering micro- and nano-devices, e.g. biosensors and Internet of Things (IoT) applications, they have become a focal point of research. An overview of current advancements in NG technologies, including piezoelectric, triboelectric, thermoelectric and pyroelectric NGs - providing 70 of the latest references are presented herein. The paper discusses the underlying mechanisms, fabrication techniques, material innovations and applications. Future perspectives and barriers are addressed to present a holistic understanding of this evolving technology.