A numerical reconstruction of the Eqip Sermia iceberg calving-generated impulse wave

In recent years, the escalation of climate change has led to a rise in the frequency of icebergs calving into the ocean. These iceberg calving-generated waves (ICGWs) present a significant hazard to passing vessels and coastal infrastructure. The Eqip Sermia ICGWs event possibly represented the most comprehensive record of an ICGWs event to date. However, survey data are limited due to the challenges of field observations. For instance, the three-dimensional shape of the iceberg remains unknown, with only the shape of its cross section being discernible. To investigate this practical event, a fluid–solid coupling model employing the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method is introduced. Through the simulation of a three-dimensional iceberg resembling Eqip Sermia, we are able to replicate the intricate process of ICGW formation, encompassing the iceberg's motion, wave generation process, and the intricate flow dynamics in its immediate vicinity. In particular, our simulation presents the captivating sight of an iceberg submerging into the water and generating splashes upon impact with the water surface. By obtaining detailed data through replication, a more refined analysis of the event is conducted. We explore the impact of different three-dimensional iceberg shapes on wave amplitude and splash height, investigating their distribution patterns across various directions. Moreover, we postulate a potential iceberg shape with a concave outward that closely mirrors the observed ICGWs at Eqip Sermia, drawing from comparisons between maximum wave amplitude values and their respective locations.