Glycolytic reprogramming shapes the histone acetylation profile of activated CD4+ T cells in juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by accumulation of activated CD4⁺ T cells in the synovial fluid (SF) of affected joints. JIA CD4⁺ T cells exhibit a unique inflammation-associated epigenomic signature, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We demonstrate that CD4⁺ T cells from JIA SF display heightened glycolysis upon activation and JIA-specific H3K27 acetylation, driving transcriptional reprogramming. Pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis altered the expression of genes associated with these acetylated regions. Healthy CD4⁺ T cells exposed to JIA SF exhibited increased glycolytic activity and transcriptomic changes marked by heightened histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) at JIA-specific genes. Elevated H3K27ac was dependent on glycolytic flux, while inhibiting glycolysis or pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) impaired transcription of SF-driven genes. These findings demonstrate a key role of glycolysis in JIA-specific gene expression, offering potential therapeutic targets for modulating inflammation in JIA.