Age-related changes in neural oscillations vary as a function of brain region and frequency band

Advanced aging is associated with robust changes in neural activity. In addition to the well-established age-related slowing of the peak alpha frequency, there is a growing body of evidence showing that older age is also associated with changes in alpha power and beta power. Despite the important progress that has been made, the interacting effects of age and frequency band have not been directly tested in sensor and source space while controlling for aperiodic components. In the current study we address these limitations. We recruited 54 healthy younger and older adults and measured neural oscillations using a high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) system during resting-state with eyes closed. After preprocessing the EEG data and controlling for aperiodic components, we computed alpha and beta power in both sensor and source space. Permutation two-way ANOVAs between frequency band and age group were performed across all electrodes and across all dipoles. Our findings revealed significant interactions in sensorimotor, parietal, and occipital regions. The pattern driving the interaction varied across regions, with older age associated with a progressive decrease in alpha power and a progressive increase in beta power from parietal to sensorimotor regions. Our findings demonstrate that age-related changes in neural oscillations vary as a function of brain region and frequency band. We interpret our findings in the context of clinical and preclinical evidence of age effects on the cholinergic circuit and the Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamo-Cortical (CBGTC) circuit.