Cultural exchange and decorative motifs in Polonnaruwa, Sarnath, and Angkor Wat: 12th-century regional traditions and bilateral relations

This study delves into the artistic and cultural connections among Polonnaruwa, Sarnath, and Angkor Wat during the 12th century, focusing on their decorative motifs within the context of bilateral relations and contemporary political dynamics. Through an analysis of historical sources, architectural remnants, and artistic styles, the research identifies significant parallels and influences shared among these ancient centers. Polonnaruwa is highlighted as a critical hub where artistic expressions flourished amid external pressures and environmental changes. The city’s advanced carving techniques are seen as a developmental link between the artistic traditions of Angkor and Sarnath, even as foreign invasions and climatic impacts obscured aspects of Polonnaruwa’s artistic legacy. This study underscores the pivotal role of Polonnaruwa, Angkor, and Sarnath in shaping the cultural landscape of South and Southeast Asia during this period, demonstrating how artistic innovations and diplomatic interactions fostered a shared visual language across the region.