The indirect L-valleys splitting inductive optical gain variation of $$\hbox {Ge}_{1-x}\hbox {Sn}_{x}$$ nanowires caused by [110] direction uniaxial stress

We calculate the band structures of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires under the [110] direction stress via the effective-mass <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>·</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> theory. Interestingly, it is found that octuple equivalent indirect L-valleys can be split into <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub> </mml:math> -valleys and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> </mml:math> -valleys with quadruple degeneracy by the imposed stress, which results in the inflection point of electron filling ratio at the direct <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi></mml:math> -valley whether Sn content is low or high. Moreover, the optical gain along the z direction will not only appear an inflection point, but also can be enhanced several times with the increase of the stress, which will be much greater than that along the x direction. For <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.92</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.08</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires, the result indicates that the z direction peak gain will invariably exceed the FCA loss as increasing the stress to 4 GPa when the total electron concentration reaches the order of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>19</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:math> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mtext>cm</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , which is obviously better than the case of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.95</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires due to the larger electron filling ratio at the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi></mml:math> -valley. While for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires with high Sn contents, the FCA loss is almost negligible and the considerable positive net peak gain can be acquired under the stress even if the total electron concentration is as low as the order of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>18</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mspace></mml:mspace> <mml:msup><mml:mtext>cm</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Therefore, in the field of silicon photonics, our researches manifest that [110] direction strained <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires as lasers are advantageous over unstrained <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires, but inferior to [100] direction strained <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires because of the splitting of the L-valleys.

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Journal
Scientific Reports
Published
2025-02-18
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89005-0
Primary Topic
Photonic and Optical Devices
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article

The indirect L-valleys splitting inductive optical gain variation of $$\hbox {Ge}_{1-x}\hbox {Sn}_{x}$$ nanowires caused by [110] direction uniaxial stress

Wen Xiong, Xin Li, Zhuo-Qun Wen, Hai-Yu Zhu et al.
Scientific Reports
Photonic and Optical Devices
article

The indirect L-valleys splitting inductive optical gain variation of $$\hbox {Ge}_{1-x}\hbox {Sn}_{x}$$ nanowires caused by [110] direction uniaxial stress

Wen Xiong, Xin Li, Zhuo-Qun Wen, Hai-Yu Zhu, Z.S. Hu, Jia-Ao Qiu
article en

Abstract

We calculate the band structures of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires under the [110] direction stress via the effective-mass <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>·</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> theory. Interestingly, it is found that octuple equivalent indirect L-valleys can be split into <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub> </mml:math> -valleys and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> </mml:math> -valleys with quadruple degeneracy by the imposed stress, which results in the inflection point of electron filling ratio at the direct <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi></mml:math> -valley whether Sn content is low or high. Moreover, the optical gain along the z direction will not only appear an inflection point, but also can be enhanced several times with the increase of the stress, which will be much greater than that along the x direction. For <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.92</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.08</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires, the result indicates that the z direction peak gain will invariably exceed the FCA loss as increasing the stress to 4 GPa when the total electron concentration reaches the order of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>19</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:math> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mtext>cm</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , which is obviously better than the case of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.95</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires due to the larger electron filling ratio at the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi></mml:math> -valley. While for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires with high Sn contents, the FCA loss is almost negligible and the considerable positive net peak gain can be acquired under the stress even if the total electron concentration is as low as the order of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>18</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mspace></mml:mspace> <mml:msup><mml:mtext>cm</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Therefore, in the field of silicon photonics, our researches manifest that [110] direction strained <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires as lasers are advantageous over unstrained <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires, but inferior to [100] direction strained <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>Sn</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanowires because of the splitting of the L-valleys.

Scientific ReportsVol. 15(1)
Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications (CN), Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology (CN), Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica (CN), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
National Natural Science Foundation of China, Chongqing Science and Technology Commission, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing, Chongqing Science and Technology Commission
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