Advances in networking droplets

Abstract Compartmentalization in living systems, where multiple reactions occur in parallel within confined spaces, has inspired the development of droplet networks in the past decade. These fascinating assemblies offer unique and versatile functions that are unattainable by single droplets and have shown their potential as advanced platforms for chemical and biological applications. This review highlights recent progress in the creation and application of droplet networks, covering strategies for generating the droplets and assembling them into functional networks. Key applications such as microreactors, signal conductors, actuators, and power sources are summarized. We also discuss the challenges and future trends in this field, aiming to narrow the gap between fundamental research and real applications.