Analysis and Design of Floating PV Systems in Several Batam Reservoirs for Optimizing the Renewable Energy Mix

Abstract The climate crisis caused by the use of fossil fuels is prompting countries around the world to shift to renewable energy. Indonesia has substantial solar energy potential, but this must be balanced with land conservation efforts. The floating PV system is an alternative solution to this problem. This study aims to design a floating solar power generation system at Tembesi and Mukakuning Reservoirs in Batam, focusing on solar energy potential, energy production, and system design. The results indicate that solar irradiation at both locations reaches 1,650 kWh/m 2 /year with an average horizontal PSH of 4.52 hours/day and net PSH Modules of 4.32 hours/day. Energy production in Year-1 is 55.83 GWh with a performance ratio of 81.65%, resulting in annual energy production of 1,345 kWh/kWp. The floating PV system design at Tembesi and Mukakuning Reservoirs consists of 10 islands, each with 19 array boxes and 20 strings per array box, comprising 28 PV modules per string. A total of 106,400 PV modules with a capacity of 390 Wp each is utilized. The system employs 3,125 kVA PV inverters, 7,500 kVA MV transformers, and 35 MVA HV transformers to ensure high efficiency and reliability. The system design also considers environmental durability, including resistance to corrosion and water level fluctuations. Recommendations include optimizing the design based on seasonal variations and implementing effective monitoring and maintenance systems.