Preface

This conference proceeding contains the selected papers of 21<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST–2024) held from August 20–23, 2024 at Bhurban, Murree Hills, Pakistan. The interdisciplinary topics covered under different programs represent a pool of scientific knowledge and technological expertise as an important contribution for industrial as well as economic development of the country. Technical sessions of IBCAST–2024, therefore, symbolized as a unique platform encouraging scholars, academicians and professionals to share experiences and invaluable insights.