Architecture of AC-DC Energy Nodes in Supergrids: A Technical Foundation for Future Renewable Integration

The AC-DC Energy Nodes (ADENs) concept offers a transformative approach to modernizing power grids, particularly in the context of supergrids. By centralizing power flows from diverse renewable energy sources, such as offshore wind farms, ADENs enable efficient long-distance power transmission through HVDC technology. This design enhances the balance of supply and demand across regions and countries, significantly improving grid stability and resilience. However, the implementation of ADENs presents substantial technical, regulatory, and cybersecurity challenges. This study delves into these challenges while also addressing the geopolitical complexities of transnational connections, underscoring the critical importance of policy alignment for successful deployment.